Accelerating Rockets
Most people get exposed to equations like v = at and d = ½at² which let you compute velocity and distance for a rocket that accelerates at a fixed acceleration a for a time t. With a little algebra, you can play with those equations and compute other things, such as time given distance or velocity.
Special Relativity
Most people also know that strange things happen when objects approach the speed of light: time slows down, lengths contract, and mass increases. The Lorentz equations that describe this are less-well known, but still quite accessible to anyone with an understanding of high-school algebra.
Relativistic Acceleration
Things get complicated when you combine the two. Now instead of time, you have ship-time and earth-time, and as the ship goes faster, its time slows down, which reduces the acceleration, which affects the velocity . . .and you have this circular mess.If you understand how to add relativistic velocities, then with a little work you can show that the velocity v = c tanh at/c, which fixes the circular definition, and you can then use calculus to compute the other numbers. Or you can use someone else's results.
But if you just want to explore different possibilities, you can use this calculator page.
Using the Calculator
The relativistic acceleration calculator assumes that the ship accelerates at a fixed rate up to some peak cruising velocity and that it later decelerates at that same rate until it reaches the destination. That is, the ship is under power for the first and last parts of the trip and it cruises at constant velocity in the middle.
The calculator needs to know three things:
- The acceleration. Default is 1g
- The powered phase. Either how much time it takes (Earth or ship time) or how much distance it covers.
- The cruise phase. Likewise, you need to specify either how long it lasts (default is zero) or how much distance is covers.
Answer any combination of these and the calculator will fill in all the others for you.
Example 1
A starship goes from Earth to Alpha Centauri, 4.366 light-years away. It accelerates at 1g until it's half-way there, then it decelerates a 1g until it arrives. How long does it take on Earth? How long does it take the crew? What's the max velocity?
To figure this out, open the calculator. Acceleration is already set to 1g, so leave that alone. Set "How far does it travel under power" to 4.366 light-years. Leave cruise time at zero.
The two "how long is the whole trip" numbers are 6 earth-years and 3.6 ship-years, and the max velocity is 95% the speed of light.
(Full results.)
Example 2
A starship to Tau Ceti, 11.905 light-years away, spends most of the voyage coasting at 90% the speed of light. At 1 g, how long does it have to accelerate at the start and decelerate at the end? How long is the whole trip? How far is it from Tau Ceti when it starts to decelerate?
Again, leave acceleration at 1g. In the Powered Phase, Set "what velocity does it reach" to 0.9 c. In the Cruise Phase set "what is the total distance traveled" to 11.905 light-years.
Look at "how long does it accelerate?" in the Powered section. It's 3 years Earth-time and 1.8 years ship time. Then look at "How long is the whole trip?" in the Cruise section. It's 14.4 earth-years and 7.4 ship-years. Finally, "how far does it travel under boost alone" tells you that it will be 1.25 light-years from Tau Ceti when it starts to decelerate.
(Full results.)
